Coding Our Future: Technology and Jobs

Robots are replacing factory workers. Automated operating systems are taking the place of customer service centers. Computers are writing news that used to be composed by journalists. And wearable devices are making diagnostic healthcare workers expendable.

It is easy to come to the conclusion that the advance of technology and the automation that comes with it will soon leave a substantial portion of world’s population without the wherewithal to make a living. But in fact, among the researchers who have studied this issue, few, if any, have found statistical evidence of this.

While there is no question that technology disrupts the job market, the question of whether it creates or destroys more jobs has no clear answer. The Pew Research Center recently posed the question to 1,896 persons who they considered experts. (AI, Robotics and the Future of Jobs). Asked whether technology will displace more jobs than it creates, 48% said yes; 52% said no.

Those supporting the more positive outlook argued that “advances in technology may displace certain types of work, but historically, they have been a net creator of jobs.”

Those who celebrate the advance of technology and its impact on the labor market also look at it from the standpoint of quality of work. Writing in the Harvard Business Review, Liviu Nedelescu, founder and CEO of Avansys Solutions discusses “Why We Should Want Robots to Take Some Jobs.” Nedelscu dismisses “the dominant dismal view that rapid technological innovation has been gobbling up jobs faster than it is creating them.”

Fender

(phaewilk)

“We have for the majority of humanity’s history used humans for menial, robotic, repeatable efficiency-minded tasks,” Nedelscu notes, suggesting instead, “Humans should eventually be left to more or less exclusively deal with open-ended endeavors that generate new organic value (as opposed to efficiency derived value).”

There are also those in North America and Western Europe who see automation as a way of reversing the decades old trend of outsourcing work to those parts of the world with the least expensive labor pool, those places where workers get paid the least. They see automation as a way to bring the work back home.

These arguments are perhaps most attractive when viewed from the position of the relatively comfortable classes in the developed world. I’m not sure we can in fact create work based on “open-ended endeavors” for the millions of factory workers in Asia, fruit pickers in Central America or outsourced office workers in India.

What happens to persons who don’t have access to the education that enables them to thrive amidst the new opportunities that automation creates. Even in the U.S. there are those who don’t get the education necessary to enable them to aspire to something more than unskilled labor.

Afternoon lunch

(Peter Griffin)

If one robot can replace 100 factory workers in China and 50 of these robots can be managed by one guy sitting at a laptop in the U.S., we have indeed brought jobs home, but I’m not sure what we have achieved.

(See also Coding Our Future: What Becomes of Work?)

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Jersey Shore Summer – The Boardwalk

Morey's PierWildwood

Bengee riders

Boardwalk dudesTattoo convention

Ocean City

Ocean City boardwalkSwings at Castaway Cove

Uptown String Band

Avalon

Avalon boardwalk

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Coding Our Future: What Becomes of Work?

Beginning in 1811 a group of English textile workers, originally based in Nottingham, rioted and destroyed machinery in protest of the textile industry’s adaption of new technology that threatened to replace skilled artisans with low wage labor. They were called the Luddites and to this day that is a name that is used to describe folks who resist change and progress. They also ushered in an ongoing era of distrust of technology by workers.

Mill workers on strikeA century later the same issues in the textile industry played a large role in the development of the U.S. labor movement. In 1913, 25,000 silk workers went on strike in Paterson, N.J. Among the reasons for the strike were technological advances that improved production, reduced the labor requirement and replaced skilled with unskilled labor.

Now, another century later, and labor is equally suspicious of the growth of technology. Many foresee a march of the robots that will forever change the nature of work,

It is widely expected that most manufacturing will ultimately be done by robots. A group of authors writing in the Harvard Business Review predict that by 2020 the industrial robot population will double to 4 million (The Age of Smart, Safe, Cheap Robots is Already Here).

The drive to take manufacturing out of human hands is all about economics. Most large scale manufacturing is done by large public corporations. Large public corporations are focused on maximizing value for their shareholders. That means maximizing profitability. So vast numbers of manufacturing jobs have long since fled developed areas like North America and Western Europe. And now robots offer a solution that is even cheaper that the miniscule wages paid in places like Bangladesh or Guatemala.

Robot at sewing machine

(Lynn Greyling)

Most modern electronics are manufactured in China. This is not because of skilled workmanship. The Chinese company Foxconn is one such manufacturer. It is known for two things. One is that it manufactures most Apple products. The other is the number of suicides among workers at its plants. Foxconn expects to solve that problem by automating 70% of its assembly work in the next three years.

Presumably, someone will have to be employed to build the industrial robots. And as demand increases the robot makers will no doubt outsource this work to the most desparate labor pools around the world. That is, of course, until they come up with robots to make the other robots.

Russian office

(tpsdave)

The march of the robots is not limited to the factory floor. Cube farms are equally susceptible. For quite a while now we have seen how companies have sought to cut the human touch out of what should be the most human of jobs, customer service. Initially the auto-attendant would simply replace the receptionist by routing callers to the appropriate person or department. But now if you call your bank, utility, phone or cable company, you’ll find that every effort has been made to avoid having someone actually talk to you. If you make it through the maze of menu options you enter the twilight zone of being on hold while a recorded message tells you every 30 seconds how “your call is important to us.” Right.

The problem of having to talk to annoying marketers making cold calls has been replaced by the even more annoying robocall. Honestly, does anyone ever buy anything when a robot cold calls you at home or on your mobile multiple times a day? One would expect Washington to do something about this invasion of privacy, except for the fact that when election time rolls around, guess who’s hiring these robots.

The Japanese have taken robo-service a step further. The Henn na Hotel in Sasebo has empoyed robots as receptionist, concierge and porter (Robots Do Check-In and Check-Out at Cost-Cutting Japan Hotel.) Wonder if you can go the front desk and ask the “female humanoid with blinking lashes” for a toothbrush if you forgot to pack one?

On demand ride sharing apps like Uber or Lyft have been widely denounced by taxi and limo drivers for threatening their jobs. It is not clear whether these technology-based services have created and destroyed more jobs. But the endgame for the Ubers of the future will be to provide transportation in driverless cars. No more drivers, just the app.

With customer services reps, call center and help desk staffers on the way out, the robots will be casting a glance higher up the ladder. In last week’s post I mentioned a company called Narrative Science that produces robotic journalism. As if it wasn’t tough enough to find an entry-level journalist job. But many other classes of professionals may soon be casting a wary eye to a new generation of apps.

Software has long since cut into the legion of tax preparers. But thanks to a voluminous set of confusing rules in the U.S., many accountants are still gainfully employed figuring out our taxes. Surely the technology exits that would enable the IRS to calculate our taxes for us based on the information they already get from us with the taxpayer only needing to fill out a simple form with additional deductions and any non-reported income he or she chooses to report. Guess the feds would rather spend their money on spy tech.

The medical or dental check-up might become a thing of the past. A world in which wearable devices measure bodily functions is already within reach and the next logical step is for those devices to suggest remedies and perhaps even prescribe medications. I have even heard it suggested that implants can identify dental issues and smart diapers can monitor infants’ health. And do we really need multiple consultations with lawyers rather than smart apps to create wills, finalize divorces and complete real estate transactions?

Imagine the impact on the economy if there is not enough work for the hordes of doctors and lawyers our higher education system churns out. How many lab and legal assistants, collection agents and insurers lose their jobs? And what do we do with all the suburban office buildings and downtown storefront offices?

Will there be nothing left but to be a cop or a coder?

Not everyone thinks this will be a problem. Many experts believe technology creates as many jobs as it displaces and some others welcome the changes in work that the march of the robots will bring about. In next week’s post I’ll take a look at why some think we should embrace these changes (instead of acting like Luddites).

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Baseball New York

Citi Field/Yankee Stadium

Jacob DeGromYankees vs. Nationals

SNY control roomMonument Park

shake shack

Yankees Stadium viewright field viewYankee Stadium

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Coding Our Future: What Becomes of Human Judgement?

If you write algorithms, you are in the business of creating formulas that enable computers to perform tasks, in some cases tasks that otherwise would be done by humans. Initially your goal is to replicate human processes so things can be done quicker or more effortlessly, or in the case of business, less expensively. Ultimately your goal is to create technology that outperforms human beings.

robot

(Piotr Siedlicki)

Before you scoff at that notion think of this common example. Pretty much all of us now carry navigation systems around with us. I have gotten in the habit, when I am going somewhere that I don’t know how to get to, of getting in my car, plugging the address into my phone and following the verbal directions that I play through the car radio system.

Before GPS, how did I do this? Maybe I called someone who knew how to get there and wrote down the directions they gave me. Or I could have acquired a map, looked over the alternatives, and planned the best route. In either case, the computer, in this case taking the form of my smart phone, is quicker, more up to date, easier and usually less prone to error. In a word, smarter.

Granted these are simple decisions, but the computer is making decisions for us. And the decisions are being made based upon data that is stored in the devices memory, data about maps and routes, and about things like speed limits and traffic lights, one-way streets, traffic and construction. That’s not stuff that’s stored in our human memory or that can easily be accumulated in a timely manner by an individual who just wants to find his way to the place he wants to go.

Now think about all the data that starts to be accumulated when we are wearing devices, when there are devices embedded in numerous things in our homes, sensors in stores, on utility poles and in our vehicles. Devices everywhere, accumulating data about everything.

With this army of computers and massive stockpile of data, what kinds of decisions can computers make? Already computers are being used to read scripts for Hollywood movies to determine which ones to pursue. Will our smartphone be able to tell you which of your clothes you should wear that would give you the best chance of a successful job interview?

There are even some inroads in replacing knowledge workers. Computers are already being used to write news. There are companies such as Narrative Science that have built apps that can take a company financial statement or a baseball box score and write a story. It won’t be brilliant prose, it won’t be insightful, but it will likely be factual and certainly more readable than the source data it was derived from.

This may be attractive to companies like Reuters or Dow Jones who are in the business of trying to get relevant market moving information, such as company financial results, to their Wall Street clients as fast as possible. But even that may be too late because the trading outfits who would buy this information are using algorithms to take the same data and convert it into trades, pretty much cutting out the whole layer of middlemen that includes journalists, analysts and traders.

This has interesting implications for business management. I’ve come across corporate CEO’s who are in the position they are in because they can talk the talk. But they may not nearly be as good at making the decisions they need to make to run a company. How they must welcome data-driven decision making. Of course if a business can be run on decisions made by an automated analysis of the available data, there’s lots of less expensive folks sitting in the cubes who could make the same decisions as the CEO.

artificial intelligence

(geralt)

Computer scientists are focused on how they can put together sets of data that take into consideration not just the environment, but the social setting, behavioral history and a person’s interests to make day to day life decisions. They call this “contextual computing.”

Does human intelligence then lose its value? Is this the end of the dreaded but understandable “human error?” Theoretically we all would make the same decisions when faced with the same problems and having the same set of data. Or does decision-making ability in our society begin to reflect income inequality? Those with the most money to have access to the best information gathering and processing systems on a personal level would then make the best decisions.

If all that isn’t jarring enough there are also some characters knows as neuroscientists who are working on ways to use machines to read people’s minds. That could produce another pretty interesting set of data to guide not just your decision making but your personal behavior. We’ve seen something like that before…in science fiction movies.

Throughout my career I’ve been someone who always focused on intuition, experience, and judgement based on human knowledge. I feel I may be part of a vanishing breed.

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The State of The Nation at 150

On this day in 1865 the first issue of The Nation was published. The first sentence of the first story of the first issue read; “The week has been singularly barren of enticing events.” Thus was born a magazine that valued candor above marketing savvy.

The editorial in that first issue marked its place in time. “Before this meets the eyes of our readers, the Fourth of July will have been celebrated. We celebrate not simply the national independence, but the close of the agitation about slavery, and the extinction of slavery itself.”

The NationIn April of this year, The Nation published its 150th anniversary issue, a 268 page digest of stories that have appeared in The Nation along with a “Radical Future” section. I don’t ordinarily blog about magazines. But this is no ordinary magazine.

In a digital age, The Nation remains committed to print even if it is on the cheapest paper known to man. In an age of visuals, The Nation focuses instead on the words. And why shouldn’t they when their list of contributors has included E.L. Doctorov, John dos Passos, Alan Ginsberg, Henry James, Arthur Miller, John Steinbeck and Gore Vidal.

The Nation is not neutral. It is left-of-center advocacy journalism. In her introduction to the anniversary issue long-time editor Katrina vanden Heuvel lets you know what to expect as she describes the issues she is passionate about:

  • “Only an organized people can avert the theft of our country by oligarchical money and dismantle the rigged system that cheats too many working and poor people.
  • “Democracy without women is not democracy, and
  • “We’d be wise to get our own house in order before remaking the globe.”

In one of the testimonials, Harry Belafonte comments. “The Nation brought to the table of human needs a menu of truth. Its stories enlighten us, give us choices for ascertaining how to deal with the complexities of daily life, and fuel our need for honesty.”

The 150th anniversary issue is not just the history of The Nation. It is also a history of our nation. And it is a history not written in the dry and dreary style of textbook writers, but by some of the finest American writers of their time, as well as newsmakers like Albert Einstein, Martin Luther King Jr. and Ralph Nader.

Here’s a taste of what The Nation has produced in its 150 years of continuous publishing:

Mr. Walt Whitman, by Henry James, Nov; 16, 1865

“It has been a melancholy task to read this book (Drum-Taps); and it is a still more melancholy one to write about it. It exhibits the effort of an essentially prosaic mind to lift itself, by a prolonged muscular strain, into poetry.”

The Hue-and-Cry Against the Indians, Lewis Henry Morgan, July 20, 1876

“We admire the gallantry of General Custer and his men; we mourn their loss; but who shall blame the Sioux for defending themselves, their wives and children when attacked in their own encampment and threatened with destruction? This calamity is simply a chance of war – of a war waged by our government upon these Indians, nothing more and nothing less.”

The Negro Artist and the Racial Mountain, Langston Hughes, June 23, 1926

“Jazz to me is one of the inherent expressions of Negro life in America, the eternal tom-tom beating in the Negro soul – the tom-tom of revolt against weariness in the white world, a world of subway trains and work, work, work; the tom-tom of joy and laughter, and pain swallowed in a smile. We younger Negro artists who create now stand to express our dark-skinned selves without fear or shame. If white people are pleased we are glad. If they are not it doesn’t matter. We know we are beautiful.”

The Men Who Made the Nation

The Men Who Made the Nation, Howard Cook, May 6, 1963

Dust Changes America, Margaret Bourke-White, May, 22, 1935

“The migrations of the farmer have begun. We passed them on the road, all their household goods piled on wagons, one lucky family on a truck. Lucky, because they had been able to keep their truck when the mortgage was foreclosed. All they owned in the world was packed on it; the children sat on a pile of bureaus topped with mattresses, and the sides of the truck were strapped up with bed springs.”

The Safe Car You Can’t Buy, Ralph Nader, April 11, 1959

“It is clear that Detroit today is designing automobiles for style, cost, performance and calculated obsolescence, but not for safety. Doors that fly open on impact, inadequately secured seats, the sharp-edged rearview mirror, pointed knobs on instrument panel and doors, flying glass, the overhead structure – all illustrate the lethal potential of poor design. Automobiles are so designed as to be unsafe at any speed.”

The Motorcycle Gangs: Losers and Outsiders, Hunter S. Thompson, May 17, 1965

“Ever since World War II, California has been strangely plagued by wild men on motorcycles booming along the highway and stopping here and there to get drunk and raise hell. Most of the cyclists are harmless weekend types. But a few belong to what the others call ‘outlaw clubs.’ Despite everything the psychiatrists and Freudian casuists have to say about them, they are tough, mean and potentially as dangerous as packs of wild boar.”

His Master's Voice

His Master’s Voice, Victor Juhasz

The Last Steep Ascent, Rev. Martin Luther King, Jr., March 14, 1966

“Slums with hundreds of thousands of living units are not eradicated as easily as lunch counters or buses are integrated. Jobs are harder to create than voting rolls. Negroes expect their freedom, not as subjects of benevolence but as Americans who were at Bunker Hill, who toiled to clear the forests, drain the swamps, build the roads – who fought the wars and dreamed the dreams the founders of the nation considered to be an American birthright.”

Letter From Ground Zero, Jonathan Schell, Oct. 15, 2001

“I live six blocks from the ruins of the north tower of the World Trade Center, which is about as close as you can be to ground zero without having been silenced. My specific neighborhood was violated, mutilated. As I write these words the acrid, dark, rancid stink – it is the smell of death – of the still smoking site is in my nostrils. In an instant and without warning on a fine fall morning, the known world has been jerked aside like a mere slide in a projector, and a new world has been rammed into its place.”

Is Texas America? Molly Ivins, Nov. 17, 2003

“Well, sheesh. I don’t know whether to warn you that since George Dubya Bush is President the whole damn country is about to be turned into Texas (a singularly horrible fate) or if I should try to stand up for us and convince the rest of the world we’re not all that insane.”

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It’s the Fourth of July!

Statue of Liberty

Liberty State Park

Jersey City, N.J.

Ellis Island

Ellis Island

CRRNJ terminal

If you made it through Ellis Island, your next stop was probably the Central Railroad of New Jersey terminal

9/11 memorial

9/11 memorial

Liberty marina

Liberty Marina

Liberty House

View from the Liberty House restaurant

Goat on a bench

The king of the goat habitat

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Coding Our Future: Can We Survive Always On?

A much maligned malady of modern times is distracted driving. With email, text, social media and various informational and entertainment apps available on our dashboards or in our pockets it seems some cannot look away long enough to reliably drive themselves from one place to another. But with more devices, more connectivity and more functionality on the horizon that may just be a symptom of a larger issue, distracted living.

Girl on phone

(Ian L)

In some instances we’re there already. How many times have you found yourself talking to someone and had them look away in mid-sentence because their phone beeped the notification of a text, an email message, or maybe even a home run in a baseball game? There is even a word, nomophobia, that was been created to describe the fear of being out of contact with your mobile phone. Do you remember the video that went viral (for a day of two) of a woman walking through the mall staring at her phone until she fell face first in the concourse fountain? How many fathers have taken off work to see their child’s soccer game and then missed the kid scoring a goal because they were answering an email message?

The most oft-cited academic research on the impact of distracted living was the Stanford-based study of  “Cognitive Control in Media Multitaskers.” Clifford Nass, one of the authors, notes. “The research is almost unanimous, which is very rare in social science, and it says that people who chronically multitask show an enormous range of deficits. They’re basically terrible at all sorts of cognitive tasks, including multitasking.”

Multitasking

(George Hodan)

Folks, it’s only going to get worse.

You may, like me, have passed on Google Glass and maybe even were able to resist the wrist band activity tracker. What happens when you buy clothes with devices so small as to be almost invisible? Or when tiny computers are embedded in your jewelry or house keys or wallets?

And once display breaks away from the limitations of screens, there is no such thing as looking away. Navdy, a company that claims it is producing “Google glass for your car” is one of a few company’s building systems that will display information in your field of vision while you are driving. That’s supposed to improve distracted driving but University of Kansas psychologist Paul Atchley, interviewed in the New York Times, notes, ”The technology is driven by a false assumption that seeing requires nothing more than having the eyes fixed on the right spot.”

What is does show, however, is the feasibility of displaying information anywhere rather than keeping it encased on screens. Maybe in the future when the person you are talking to wants to read their email instead, they’ll see it on the wall in back of you so they won’t appear as blatantly impolite.

A recent article in the Harvard Business Review (Conquering Digital Distraction) suggests that “digital overload may be the defining problem of today’s workplace,” adding that “we waste time, attention and energy on relatively unimportant information, staying busy but producing little of value.”

Human resource consultants are fond of using the term “work/life balance.” Nobody talked about that when you left work at work and didn’t have devices that kept reminding you of it when you were eating dinner, hanging out with your family or just reading a book. Always on technology means always working for some.

New York Times writer Tony Schwartz describes the challenge: “Employees…have their rhythms set by the very technology invented to make their lives easier and free up time. Computers not only operate at high speeds, continuously, for hours on end, they also run multiple programs at the same time. We try gamely to keep up, but it’s a Sisyphean challenge and we’re doomed to fall behind.” (Escalating Demands at Work Hurt Employees and Companies)

Double call

(lusi)

What may be a productivity problem for an employer is a bigger problem for society at large.  Many social scientists bemoan a decline in social interactivity in favor of the screen tap kind of interactiveness. Our digital compulsion also contributes to a more self-absorbed mentality as our focus is pulled away from our environment and from those around us. More selfies, less scenery. Even if you’re not the driver, if you’re riding in a car and never lift your head up from your phone, what have you missed? Does it even matter where you are when you disconnect from your environment?

Our kids are clearly not immune to this. Many would rather watch a YouTube video of other people playing Minecraft then go out to play ball or ride a bike with their friends.

The HBR article cited above goes into some detail on two approaches for dealing with distracted living. One is to make use of the off switch. Keep technology away from certain settings like your bedroom or the dinner table and turn off your device after checking your messaging. That might not be so easy when digital information is liberated from screens.

The other approach is to treat technology with technology. The idea behind that is to use various apps that target and filter information so you only have to attend to that which is most important or relevant.  I don’t have a lot of confidence in that since I have enough trouble avoiding just blatant spam.

Having written this one might expect that I am pretty attuned to the problem and aware of how to avoid the pitfalls of distracted living. I’m not. I find that the more devices I have and the more information I view, the less likely I am to put it down or turn it off. I can’t wait on line for even a couple minutes without pulling out my phone and checking my messages. Nor can I sit with a morning cup of coffee without firing up my iPad.

While my etiquette is sufficient that I usually don’t pull out my phone while I’m sitting with someone in a restaurant, if that person gets up to go to the restroom, guess what I do?

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Trees

FogJoshua Tree

Portland Botanncal Gardens

Banyon Tree

Puerto Rico

Snow in tree

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Coding Our Future: Smaller, Smarter and Everywhere

Some of you may have seen the movie “The Imitation Game.” Set within a British intelligence service during World War II, it is a fictional account of the creation of what some have called the first computer. It is a monstrous concoction of switches, levers and spindles that, after churning away for several minutes, could decipher secret enemy messages.

Old computer

(cheriedurban)

My first exposure to a computer came a few decades later when, in a newsroom setting, we bought a cabinet full of hardware that went by the name of Mighty Mouse. It was a good six feet high and equally as wide with an open back so our marginally competent tech guys could do trial and error with the wiring if something went wrong.

Since then the real estate requirement for computing has progressively shrunk and become a lot more personnel. We’ve moved from desktops to laptops to handhelds. And the shrinkage in size has often been accompanied by an expansion in function.

That trend will continue. In fact technologists believe that computers will continue to shrink to the point of being invisible to the human eye. At that point you can’t plug them in or carry a battery, even if we do, as some believe, come up with batteries that last 50 years. So part of this development is about alternative energy sources like solar, or maybe even body heat.

The availability of micro computing will make the current generation of wearables seem like “wearing a boom box on your wrist” (The Future of Wearable Tech, Jen Quinlan). We have had some introduction to wearables. There was the much ballyhooed Google glasses, which didn’t last long as apparently looking like a distracted dork outweighed the advantage of being an early adapter. Somewhat more successfully there’s been a modestly wide take up of the Fitbit and similar activity tracking bracelets.

What’s to come? Jewelry is a prime casing for technology. At Google, there is an initiative underway called Project Jacquard which is researching the ability to weave computing capabilities into fabrics, thus making our pants a wearable device. Elsewhere researchers are looking at embedding devices in diapers to monitor a baby’s health. When computers become smaller than the naked eye can see, embedded devices and sensors can be planted virtually anywhere. Did you know there was such a thing as a “smart bottle” of Johnnie Walker Blue Label?

Internet of Things

(Jferrb)

The actual wearable device is not what is important to our future, but rather what it connects to and what information it collects. Because along with planting technology on individuals, the shrinkage of computing is what will make commonplace the “Internet of Things.” The technology research firm Gartner predicts that there will be at least 500 “smart objects” in the average home in the future. We already know about things like thermostats and security systems. Among the things that are candidates for future conversion from “dark assets” to “smart objects” will be door knobs, refrigerators, smoke alarms, air conditioning and heating systems, and water faucets.

It is at that point where the connection between wearables and the Internet of things really starts to impact how stuff gets done. For example a signature from your wearable device might unlock your door at the appropriate time. Or your bracelet could monitor your body heat and trigger the startup of your home air conditioning or heating system. Maybe if you start following a recipe on your smart phone, your oven will automatically preheat to the appropriate temperature.

The Internet of things won’t be limited to what you wear or where you live. It also means devices with memory and tracking capability on utility poles, buildings, traffic lights, transit vehicles and parking meters, to name a few.

And at that point what we have heretofore referred to as “big data” becomes gargantuan data. How we capture that and put it to use will have a lot to say about what our lives are like 10, 20 or 50 years from now. This series of posts will explore some of the questions about how technology changes our future. Can we survive always on? Will machines become smarter than humans? What happens to work? How do we get from place to place? Can we have both transparency and privacy?

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